45

pinion shafts, crankshafts and camshafts, gears, spindles, tires, cylinders, cams and other normalized, improved and subjected to a heat treatment of the surface details of which increased strength is required.

Classification

Country Section Category
CIS, Russia, Ukraine Structural steel Carbonaceous quality structural steel

Chemical composition

Standard Fe, % Si, % Mn, % Cr, % Cu, % Ni, % As, % P, % C, % S, %
GOST 1050-88 97.325–98.91 0.17–0.37 0.5–0.8 < 0.25 < 0.3 < 0.3 < 0.08 < 0.035 0.42–0.5 < 0.04

Information on suppliers

Physical characteristics

Temperature, °C E\cdot 10^{9}, MPa \alpha\cdot 10^{6}, K^{-1} \varkappa, \frac{W}{m\cdot K} \rho, \frac{kg}{m^3} c\cdot 10^{-3}, \frac{J}{kg\cdot K}
20 200 7826
100 201 11.9 48 7799 0.473
200 193 12.7 47 7769 0.494
300 190 13.4 44 7735 0.515
400 172 14.1 41 7698 0.536
500 14.6 39 7662 0.583
600 14.9 36 7625 0.578
700 15.2 31 7587 0.611
800 27 7595 0.72
900 26 0.708

Mechanical properties at 20 °C

Rolling Standard Size, mm Tension Classifiers \sigma _{U}, MPa \sigma_{P}, MPa \epsilon_L, % \psi, % Treatment
Trumpet 588 323 14
Round GOST 10702-78 calibrated 590 40 Annealing
Metal rolling GOST 1050-88 < 80 600 355 16 40 Normalization
Metal rolling GOST 1050-88 cold-work 640 6 30
Metal rolling GOST 1050-88 annealing 540 13 40
Tape annealing 440–690 14
Tape cold-work 690–1030
Tape 6–60 600 355 16 40 Normalization

Brinell hardness number

Rolling Standard Classifiers Value, HBW
Trumpet 207
Metal rolling GOST 1050-88 hot rolling 229
Metal rolling GOST 1050-88 calibrated, cold-work 241
Metal rolling GOST 1050-88 annealing, calibrated 207
Metal rolling GOST 1050-88 annealing, hot rolling 197

Technological Properties

Weldability Flake Susceptibility Propensity to temper brittleness
Difficult to weld insensitive not inclined

Critical point temperatures

Ac1, K Ac3(Acm), K Ar3(Arcm), K Ar1, K Mn, K
730 755 690 780 350

Analogues

USA Germany
M1044 1.1191 (C45E)

Standards

Standard Description
GOST 1050-88

Description of chemical elements

Element Units of measurement Description
Fe % Iron
Si % Silicon
Mn % Manganese
Cr % Chrome
Cu % Copper
Ni % Nickel
As % Arsenic
P % Phosphorus
C % Carbon
S % Sulfur

Description of physical characteristics

Parameter Units of measurement Description
E\cdot 10^{9} MPa Elastic modulus
\alpha\cdot 10^{6} K^{-1} Coefficient of thermal (linear) expansion (range 20°C–T)
\varkappa \frac{W}{m\cdot K} Coefficient of thermal conductivity (the heat capacity of the material)
\rho \frac{kg}{m^3} The density of the material
c\cdot 10^{-3} \frac{J}{kg\cdot K} The specific heat of the material (range 20°C–T)

Description of mechanical properties

Parameter Units of measurement Description
\sigma _{U} MPa Ultimate tensile strength
\sigma_{P} MPa Proportionality limit
\epsilon_L % Elongation at break (longitudinal)
\psi % Reduction in cross section on fracture

Designation of types of weldability

Parameter Units of measurement Description
no limits Welding is performed without heating and without subsequent heat treatment
Boundedly welded Welding is possible with heating up to 100–120 °C and subsequent heat treatment
Difficult to weld For obtaining quality welded joints, additional operations are required: heating up to 200–300 °C for welding, heat treatment after welding — annealing
Not applicable for welded structures

Description of temperatures of critical points

Parameter Units of measurement Description
Ac1 K
Ac3(Acm) K
Ar3(Arcm) K
Ar1 K
Mn K